Passive diode-like device for fluids

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to an improved fluid diode using topology optimization with Finite Element Method (FEM). Topology optimization as a flexible optimization method has been extended to the fluid field. For given boundary conditions and constraints, it distributes a specific amount of pores (or remove materials to get channel) in the design domain to minimize/maximize an objective function. In this design, inlet and outlet ports are aligned and inflow and outflow are in the same direction. The present invention features an intricate network of fluid channels having optimized fluid connectivity and shapes, which significantly improves the diodicity of fluidic passive valves.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/041,712 filed Aug. 26, 2014, which is incorporated byreference herein, in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to fluid systems. Moreparticularly, the present invention relates to a passive diode-likedevice for fluids.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A check valves is a device to control flow direction in fluid systems.By actuation mechanisms, they can be grouped into three categories:active valve is actuated by external forces; passive valve such asDomino valve is actuated by fluid motion; fixed-geometry orNo-Moving-Part (NMP) valve does not require external power and has nomoving mechanical parts or deformable structures, instead it allows easypassage of forward flow and discourages reverse flow utilizing fluidicforce. The latter two types together are usually referred to as a fluiddiode.

A fixed-geometry fluid diode with flat-walled structures (denoted asfluid diode hereinafter), i.e., a Tesla valve and diffuser. A Teslavalve is composed of a straight and an embowed channel, and it utilizesinertial effect to drive part of reverse flow to the embowed channelthus dissipates its energy. A diffuser is a flow channel with expandingcross-section, and no doubt that flow in this direction requires smallerdriving pressure. The essential difference between Tesla valve anddiffuser is the outlet/inlet width. FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate exemplaryfixed-geometry fluid diodes with flat walled structures.

A fixed-geometry diode cannot completely stop reverse flow, but they areadvantageous due to easy fabrication, robustness, capability of handlingparticle-laden, multi-phase, oscillating flow. Therefore, they arewidely employed in many varied applications. For instance an integratedTesla valve into a flat-plate oscillating heat pipe to achievecirculatory flow, a constructed miniature valve-less membrane pumpsusing Tesla valve as fluidic rectifiers, and a diffuser is frequentlyused in fluid pumps. The original Tesla valve requires inflow andoutflow ports to be specifically positioned and oriented. Fluid entersat the bottom the device with a large vertical component of velocity andexits on the side of the device with only horizontal components ofvelocity.

Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a fluid diode design thatallows alignment of inlet and outlet ports and inflow and outflow to bein the same direction and allows for substantial improvement of thediodicity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing needs are met, to a great extent, by the present inventionwhich provides a fluid flow device having an inlet and an outlet. Thedevice also includes a network of fluid channels disposed between theinlet and the outlet. The network of fluid channels has an optimizedfluid connectivity and optimized shapes to improve diodicity of thefluid flow device. The inlet and the outlet are in fluid communication.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the inlet and theoutlet are aligned. Inflow and outflow are in a same direction. Aposition of fluid channels in the network of fluid channels isdetermined using topology optimization method. The network of fluidchannels is configured to have a Reynolds number between 100 and 300.The network of fluid channels is configured to have a local Reynoldsnumber that is higher than a general Reynolds number for the device. Thenetwork of fluid channels is also configured to have a Darcy number thatdecreases gradually with iterations from a large value to a small one.The network of fluid channels is configured with an elemental porositythat is determined by nodal porosity through projection. The fluid flowdevice can have a Reynolds number of 100, a Darcy number of 4.4×10⁻⁷,and weight coefficient of 0. The device has an aspect ratio selectedfrom a group of 2:3, 4:3, and 9:3. The network of fluid channels isconfigured such that a predetermined amount of forward flow travelsthrough a shorter and straight channel and a predetermined amount offorward flow travels through a side arc channel. The fluid flow devicecan also have a Reynolds number of 300, a Darcy number of 3×10⁻⁵, and anaspect ratio of 9:3. The outlet width is configured such that the fluidflow device is a diffuser-type diode.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method ofmanufacturing a fluid flow device includes positioning a fluid inflowand a fluid outflow aligned in a same plane. The method includesconfiguring a network of fluid flow channels such that the inlet andoutlet are in fluid communication. The method includes positioning thenetwork of fluid flow channels between the inlet and the outlet suchthat the network of fluid channels, such that the network of fluid flowchannels has a predetermined fluid connectivity and predetermined shapesto provide a predetermined diodicity for the fluid flow device.Additionally, the method includes configuring the device to provideunidirectional fluid flow.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the methodincludes configuring the fluid flow channels such that inflow andoutflow are unidirectional, and using a topology optimization method toposition channels in the network of fluid flow channels. The methodincludes configuring the network of fluid flow channels to have aReynolds number between 100 and 300. Additionally the method includesconfiguring the network of fluid flow channels to have a local Reynoldsnumber that is higher than a general Reynolds number for the device. Themethod includes configuring the network of fluid flow channels with anelemental porosity that is determined by nodal porosity throughprojection. The method also includes configuring the device to have anaspect ratio selected from a group consisting of 2:3, 4:3, and 9:3.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings provide visual representations, which will beused to more fully describe the representative embodiments disclosedherein and can be used by those skilled in the art to better understandthem and their inherent advantages. In these drawings, like referencenumerals identify corresponding elements and:

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate schematic diagrams of exemplaryfixed-geometry fluid diodes with flat walled structures.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of a design domain for a Teslavalve, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a schematic diagram of a reproduction of aTesla valve using topology optimization with projection method (Re=100,Da=4.4×10⁻⁷, W=0). The circle in FIG. 3B illustrates a projectiondiameter and the flow lines represent magnitude controlled streamline ofreverse flow.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate schematic diagrams of optimization results fordifferent aspect ratios (Re=300, Da=3×10⁻⁵, W=0.1).

FIG. 5 illustrates a graphical view of a comparison of diodicity ofchannel-like diode and published optimizations.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate schematic flow diagrams of a Tesla valve withRe=300.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate a schematic diagram of optimized fluid diodeflow (Re=300, Da=3×10⁻⁵, aspect ratio=9:3).

FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram of an optimization result of adiffuser-type diode (Re=300, Da=3×10⁻⁵, W=0, aspect ratio=4:3).

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate a schematic diagram of a streamline of anoptimized diffuser-type diode (Re=300, Da=3×10⁻⁵).

FIG. 10A illustrates an image of a cuboid diode fabricated using fastprototyping.

FIG. 10B illustrates a schematic diagram of a fluid phase of anexperiment setup. The position of pressure measurement is marked withlines.

FIG. 11 illustrates a graphical view of an experimental pressure drop ofthe optimized fluid diode. The x-axis represents flow rate and they-axis represents pressure drop.

FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of a Forster pump, according toan embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 illustrates a schematic diagram of micropump with a Tesla valvein a commercial lab-on-a-chip, according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. The lab-on-a-chip, includes a piezoelectric actuator that isdriven by flow through an inlet valve and an outlet valve.

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate schematic diagrams of an oscillating heatpipe according to an embodiment of the present invention. The heat pipeincludes a condenser and an evaporator that include Tesla-type checkvalves.

FIG. 15 illustrates a method for using a Tesla valve to harness waterwaves, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a method for controlling flow direction in a pulsejet, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 illustrates an schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of awave glider using a Tesla valve, according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The presently disclosed subject matter now will be described more fullyhereinafter with reference to the accompanying Drawings, in which some,but not all embodiments of the inventions are shown. Like numbers referto like elements throughout. The presently disclosed subject matter maybe embodied in many different forms and should not be construed aslimited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodimentsare provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legalrequirements. Indeed, many modifications and other embodiments of thepresently disclosed subject matter set forth herein will come to mind toone skilled in the art to which the presently disclosed subject matterpertains, having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoingdescriptions and the associated Drawings. Therefore, it is to beunderstood that the presently disclosed subject matter is not to belimited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications andother embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of theappended claims.

The present invention is directed to an improved fluid diode usingtopology optimization with Finite Element Method (FEM). Topologyoptimization as a flexible optimization method has been extended to thefluid field. For given boundary conditions and constraints, itdistributes a specific amount of pores (or removes materials to createchannels) in the design domain to minimize/maximize an objectivefunction. In this design, inlet and outlet ports are aligned and inflowand outflow are in the same direction. The present invention features anintricate network of fluid channels having optimized fluid connectivityand shapes, which significantly improves the diodicity of fluidicpassive valves.

Performance of a fluid diode is measured by diodicity, which is definedas the ratio of pressure drop of reverse flow to that of the forwardflowDi=Δp _(r) /Δp _(f)   (1)

Obviously, the larger diodicity the better performance, and thereforethe present invention is designed to improve diodicity in theoptimization. It is natural to directly use the ratio in Eqn. (1) as theobjective function. However, a more favorable way in numericaloptimization is to choose an objective that takes the form of a volumeintegral of an energy function.

$\begin{matrix}{{\Phi( {u,p} )} = {\int_{\Omega}\lbrack {{\frac{\mu}{2}{\sum\limits_{i,j}( {\frac{\partial u_{i}}{\partial x_{j}} + \frac{\partial u_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}} )^{2}}} + {\sum\limits_{i}{{\alpha(\gamma)}u_{i}^{2}}}} \rbrack}} & (2)\end{matrix}$In Eqn. (2) the first term of integrand is viscous dissipation forincompressible Newtonian flow, and the second term is power dissipationdue to the artificial Darcy force.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of a design domain for a Teslavalve, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Controlvolume, Ω, is shown by the dashed line. Dissipation is closely relatedwith pressure drop, and therefore diodicity as the ratio of pressuredrop can be defined using dissipation. As shown in FIG. 2, a controlvolume R can be selected in such a way that flows at upstreamcross-section S1 and downstream cross-section S2 are fully developed.Dot product the steady momentum equationρu·∇u=−∇p+∇·τ−αu   (3)by u, and with some math manipulations to obtain the mechanical energyequation,∇·(u1/2ρu ²)=−∇·(pu)+∇·(τ·u)−τ: ∇u−αu ²   (4)where τ: ∇u is viscous dissipation. For incompressible Newtonian fluidt=μ[∇u+(∇u)^(T)], and

$\begin{matrix}{{\tau\text{:}\mspace{14mu}{\nabla u}} = {{{\eta( {{\partial_{i}u_{j}} + {\partial_{j}u_{i}}} )}{\partial_{j}u_{i}}} = {\sum\limits_{i,j}{\frac{\mu}{2}( {{\partial_{j}u_{i}} + {\partial_{i}u_{j}}} )^{2}}}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$which is exactly the same as the first integrand in Eqn. (2). Therefore,the energy equation can be rewritten asτ:∇u+αu ²=∇·(τ·u−pu−1/2ρu ² u)   (6)Integrate Eqn. (6) over the control volume Ωand use Divergence Theorem,Φ=∫_(Ω) τ: ∇u+αu ² =∫ _(∂Ω)[n ·τ·u−p(u·n)−1/2ρu ²(u·n)]  (7)where the boundary ∂Ω is composed of three segments, ∂Ω=S₀ ∪ S₁∪S₂. Dueto the no-slip boundary condition on S₀, the following applies:Φ=∫_(S) ₁ _(+S) ₂ [n·τ·u+p(−u·n)+1/2ρu ²(−u·n)]  (8)The three terms can be greatly simplified for fully developed flow. Thefirst term means work done by viscous stress. Because u and n are eitherin the same or opposite direction, it vanishes in fully developed flow:u·(τ·n)=±u(n·τ·n)=±uτ _(nm)=0   (9)Because pressure is constant along a cross-stream direction of fullydeveloped flow, the second term, work done by pressure, can be rewrittenas∫_(S) ₁ _(+S) ₂ p(−u·n)dS=p ₁∫_(S) ₁ udS−p ₂∫_(S) ₂ udS=Δp·Q   (10)where Q=∫_(S) ₁ udS=∫_(S) ₂ is the flow rate, and Δp=p₁−p₂ is thepressure drop between S1 and S2. The third term is interpreted asmechanical energy convected into the control volume, and its integral iszero due to the same velocity profiles at S₁and S₂. Therefore, the finalsimplified form isΦ(u,p)=Δp·Q   (11)Equation (11) simply means that the power dissipated in the controlvolume W equals work done by the driving pressure. Then diodicity can beredefined as the ratio of power dissipation.

$\begin{matrix}{{Di}^{\prime} = {\frac{\Phi( {u_{r},p_{r}} )}{\Phi( {u_{f},p_{f}} )} = {\frac{\Delta\;{p_{r} \cdot Q_{r}}}{\Delta\;{p_{f} \cdot Q_{f}}} = {\frac{\Delta\; p_{r}}{\Delta\; p_{f}} = {Di}}}}} & (12)\end{matrix}$From Δp˜ρU² for fast flow or Δρ˜μU/L for viscous dominated flow, it canbe concluded that if flow rate of forward and reverse flows are thesame, the ratio of total power dissipation must be bounded, and Di′ inEq. (12) can serve as objective function. It is worth mentioning that inpractice it is difficult and not necessary to ensure that flows at theupstream and downstream cross-sections are fully developed. In this caseDi′≈Di.

The design domain in FIG. 2 is discretized using standard finite elementmesh, then each element whose centroid located at x_(i) is designated aelement porosity γ_(i), with γ_(i)=1 representing for fluid channel andγ_(i)=0 for solid phase.

To take advantage of gradient-based optimization algorithms, the designvariables (element porosity γ_(i)) are allowed to take valuecontinuously from 0 to 1. Accordingly, fluid is permitted to penetratethrough intermediate and even solid phase, but the artificial flow ispenalized by a Darcy damping force f=−αu which is proportional to localvelocity in magnitude but in the opposite direction. The Darcy force isincorporated into Navier-Stokes equation as followsρ(u·∇)u=−∇p+μ∇ ² u−α(γ)u   (13)

In Eqn. (13), the physical meaning of αcan be interpreted as localimpermeability and it is related with material porosity γvia

$\begin{matrix}{{\alpha(\gamma)} = {\underset{\_}{\alpha} + {( {\overset{\_}{\alpha} - \underset{\_}{\alpha}} )\frac{q( {1 - \gamma} )}{q + \gamma}}}} & (14)\end{matrix}$where α is the minimum allowable value of α, α the maximum allowablevalue, and q a parameter to control convexity of α(γ). If αis infinitelylarge, then Eqn. (14) actually models the non-penetrable solid materialin reality. However, in numerical practice it is extremely difficult toachieve infinity, and α must be set to be a large number.

In general fluid topology optimization problems where dissipation is theobjective to be minimized, velocity within solid phase is usuallynegligible, because the objective does not favor artificial flow.Unfortunately, in the diode design backward dissipation is beingmaximized which on the contrary encourages artificial flow. To alleviateartificial flow in reverse direction, a penalty term is added to theobjective function. Non-dimensional Darcy force F* is defined as

$\begin{matrix}{F_{*} = {\frac{1}{L^{2}}{\int_{\Omega}\frac{\alpha\sqrt{u_{r}^{2} + v_{r}^{2}}}{\overset{\_}{\alpha}\; U}}}} & (15)\end{matrix}$where U is characteristic velocity. Introducing weight coefficient W, inthe optimization problem (1/Di′+W·F*)| can be minimized. Because F* isscaled to the similar order of magnitude with Di′˜1, it follows thatW˜1.

To summarize, the optimization model is formulated as follows,min: 1/Di′+W·F*   (16a)s.t. : ρ(u _(f)·∇)u _(f) =−∇p _(f)+μ∇² u _(f)−α(γ)u _(f)  (16b)∇·u _(f)=0   (16c)ρ(u _(r)·∇)u _(r)=−∇p_(r)+μ∇²u_(r)−α(γ)u _(r)  (16d)∇·u _(r)=0   (16e)0≦γ≦1   (16f)

For the purpose of generality, two dimensionless numbers are used tocharacterize the optimization parameters. Reynolds number is defined as

$\begin{matrix}{{Re} = {\frac{\rho\; U^{2}}{\mu\;{U/L}} = \frac{\rho\;{UL}}{\mu}}} & (17)\end{matrix}$and is interpreted as the ratio of inertial to viscous effects. AsReynolds number goes too high, it is expensive and not accurate to solveNavier-Stokes equation, while the diodicity relies on inertial effectwhich grows stronger as flow goes faster. A compromise has to be made inchoosing value of Reynolds number, and it was found that 100≦Re≦300 isgood enough in order to get magnificat diodicity effect without muchtrouble in solving the NS equation. It is valuable to mention that localReynolds number may be higher than the general Reynolds number, becausechannel width at some position may be very small, as shown in FIGS.4A-4C, and that is why the Reynolds number is restricted to berelatively small.

Darcy number is defined as the ratio of viscous force to Darcy dampingforce,

$\begin{matrix}{{Da} = {\frac{\mu\;{U/L}}{\overset{\_}{\alpha}\;{LU}} = \frac{\mu}{\overset{\_}{\alpha}\; L^{2}}}} & (18)\end{matrix}$α is determined by value of Da. Smaller Darcy number implies larger αand less artificial flow, but overly small Da may lead to undesirablelocal minimum, therefore, Da should decrease gradually with iterationsfrom a relatively large value to a sufficiently small one (Da˜10⁻⁵).

Using a pentagon design domain with inclined inlet and outlet, puttingstrong constraints on the minimum length scale of channels, a resultthat looks closely like the original valve design by Nicola Tesla isachieved. A projection method, is employed to exert minimum length scaleconstraints. The projection method mimics the processing of milling: itintroduces a set of nodal porosity as design variable, and elementporosity is determined by nodal porosity through projection, whichperforms morphological dilation operation on fluid phase. Therefore, anyvalues of nodal design variables will result in element porosity withminimum length scale satisfied. FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a schematicdiagram of a reproduction of a Tesla valve using topology optimizationwith projection method (Re=100, Da=4.4×10⁻⁷, W=0). The circle in FIG. 3Billustrates a projection diameter and the flow lines represent magnitudecontrolled streamline of reverse flow.

The optimal result depends on aspect ratio (ratio of width and height)of the rectangular design domain. FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate schematicdiagrams of optimization results for different aspect ratios (Re=300,Da=3×10⁻⁵, W=0.1). FIGS. 4A-4C gives several solutions for differentvalue of aspect ratio. As shown in the figures, although optimal resultsdiffer from each other, they all remain in a similar pattern. For alonger diode with larger aspect ratio, repetition of channels is foundthat occurred in shorter diodes. In some applications, it is morefavorable to adopt longer fluid diodes that can also serve as flowchannel. Here in FIG. 4C a diode example is shown with a large aspectratio (9:3).

Diodicity performance of the diode in FIG. 4C is compared with otherimplementations and shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 illustrates a graphical viewof a comparison of diodicity of a channel-like diode and publishedoptimizations.

In all of the results shown in FIGS. 4A-4C, many channels similar to theoriginal Tesla valve can be found. This implies that a diodicitymechanism for a Tesla valve and optimized diode are the same. FIGS.4A-4C give a streamlined view of forward flow and reverse flow. Themajority of forward flow goes through the shorter and straight channelwhile the side arc channel receives little flow; for the reverse caselarger portion of flow passes via the side arc channel. A similarsituation is observed in the optimized diode (FIGS. 4A-4C). FIGS. 6A and6B illustrate schematic flow diagrams of a Tesla valve with Re=300.FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate a schematic diagram of optimized fluid diodeflow (Re=300, Da=3×10⁻⁵, aspect ratio=9:3).

A diffuser features an expanding channel width. Therefore, the proposedmethod can be used to design a diffuser-like fluid diode with onlymodification of outlet width. FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram ofa optimization result of a diffuser-type diode (Re=300,Da=3×10^(31 5,)W=0, aspect ratio=4:3). FIG. 8 shows the optimizationresult. Streamline in FIGS. 9A and 9B shows that forward flow passesthrough the diode as if it is a real diffuser, while the reverse flow isseparated into two parts and both of them undergo large resistancethrough side channels.

The optimized diode in FIG. 4C is extruded to get a 3D model illustratedin FIG. 10A and then fabricated with fast prototyping (a.k.a., 3Dprinting). To utilize existing equipment, the diode is fabricated as a1×1×3 inch plastic cuboid, whose inner void constitutes flow channels.The whole cuboid is placed into a long duct with a one inch squarecross-section. Pressure was measured as difference under different flowrates between the two positions marked with lines in

FIG. 10B. In the experiment, pressure difference was measured with anOMEGA HHP-803/SIL differential pressure meter to an accuracy of 0.01 psiand flow rate was achieved with an OMEGA FTB602B-T flow meter with anaccuracy of 1%. Deionized water was used as working fluid with viscosityto be 1.002 cP at 20° C. measured by a Brookfield LVDVII+ PROviscometer.

Obviously, the fabrication and experiment scheme harms the measureddiodicity by introducing isotropic flow resistance or pressure loss forboth forward and reverse flows, because diodicity is defined as theratio of pressure loss in two direction. There are mainly three sourcesof isotropic pressure loss: (1) The abrupt change of cross-section nearinlet and outlet; (2) Rough inner surface of the 3D printed cuboid; (3)The long distance between diode exit and pressure measure position.Nevertheless, the cuboid diode still shows significant diodicity, asillustrated in FIG. 11. FIG. 11 illustrates a graphical view of anexperimental pressure drop of the optimized fluid diode. The x-axisrepresents flow rate and the y-axis represents pressure drop.

FIGS. 12-17 illustrate exemplary implementations of the diode describedherein. FIG. 12 illustrates a Forster pump, according to an embodimentof the present invention. The central chamber expands and contractsalternatively. Therefore, fluid is drawn in, in one direction and ispushed out, in the other direction. The design of the present invention,described above, converts oscillating flow to directional flow. FIG. 13illustrates a micropump with Tesla valves in a commercial lab-on-a-chip,according to an embodiment of the present invention. A piezoelectricactuator drives fluid to oscillate, and the Tesla valves work as arectifier in the micro-pump, which is a critical component of aminiatured thermal management module. FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate anoscillating heat pipe according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. An array of parallel pipes is placed between the condenserand evaporator, and working fluid (such as distilled water) travels inthe pipe in an oscillating way to transport thermal energy fromevaporator to condenser. Utilizing Telsa valve drives fluid flow in onedirection and thus significantly improves efficiency in the heat pipe.FIG. 15 illustrates a method for using a Tesla valve to harness waterwaves, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The methodconverts the random fluctuation of water waves in the sea to directionalflow, in order to generate electricity. A design according to anembodiment of the present invention could be used to actuate thismethod. FIG. 16 illustrates a method for controlling flow direction in apulse jet, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In sucha method, the easy-to-damage check valve in the pulse jet can bereplaced by a Tesla valve, with a design as described above. By doingthis, robustness and service life can be improved more than 10 times.Such a device could be used in micro drone or recreational gliders toprovide propulsion. FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of awave glider using an array of Tesla valves, according to an embodimentof the present invention. When water moves up and down the Tesla valves,according to an embodiment of the present invention, will generate aleftward propulsion. The design does not require a subwing, such that itcan also be used in shallow water.

The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from thedetailed specification, and thus it is intended by the appended claimsto cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fallwithin the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, sincenumerous modifications and variations will readily occur to thoseskilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to theexact construction and operation illustrated and described, andaccordingly all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resortedto, falling within the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A fluid flow device comprising: an inlet; anoutlet; a network of fluid channels disposed between the inlet and theoutlet such that the network of fluid channels has a predetermined fluidconnectivity and predetermined shapes to provide a predetermineddiodicity for the fluid flow device, and such that the inlet and outletare in fluid communication, and fluid flow is unidirectional; andwherein the fluid flow device has a Reynolds number of 100, a Darcynumber of 4.4×10⁻⁷, and weight coefficient of
 0. 2. The device of claim1 wherein the inlet and the outlet are aligned.
 3. The device of claim 1wherein inflow and outflow are in a same direction.
 4. The device ofclaim 1 wherein a position of fluid channels in the network of fluidchannels is determined using topology optimization method.
 5. The deviceof claim 1 further comprising the network of fluid channels beingconfigured to have a Reynolds number between 100 and
 300. 6. The deviceof claim 1 further comprising the network of fluid channels beingconfigured to have a local Reynolds number that is higher than a generalReynolds number for the device.
 7. The device of claim 1 furthercomprising the network of fluid channels being configured to have aDarcy number that decreases gradually with iterations from a large valueto a small one.
 8. The device of claim 1 further comprising the networkof fluid channels being configured with an elemental porosity that isdetermined by nodal porosity through projection.
 9. The device of claim1 further comprising the device having an aspect ratio selected from agroup consisting of 2:3, 4:3, and 9:3.
 10. The device of claim 1 furthercomprising the network of fluid channels being configured such that apredetermined amount of forward flow travels through a shorter andstraight channel and a predetermined amount of forward flow travelsthrough a side arc channel.
 11. A fluid flow device comprising: aninlet; an outlet; a network of fluid channels disposed between the inletand the outlet such that the network of fluid channels has apredetermined fluid connectivity and predetermined shapes to provide apredetermined diodicity for the fluid flow device, and such that theinlet and outlet are in fluid communication, and fluid flow isunidirectional; and wherein the fluid flow device has a Reynolds numberof 300, a Darcy number of 3×10⁻⁵, and an aspect ratio of 9:3.
 12. Thedevice of claim 1 further comprising an outlet width configured suchthat the fluid flow device is a diffuser-type diode.
 13. A method ofmanufacturing a fluid flow device comprising: positioning a fluid inflowand a fluid outflow aligned in a same plane; configuring a network offluid flow channels such that the inlet and outlet are in fluidcommunication; positioning the network of fluid flow channels betweenthe inlet and the outlet such that the network of fluid channels, suchthat the network of fluid flow channels has a predetermined fluidconnectivity and predetermined shapes to provide a predetermineddiodicity for the fluid flow device; configuring the device to provideunidirectional fluid flow; and applying an optimization model based onpredetermined values for a Reynolds number, a Darcy number, and anaspect ratio for the network of fluid flow channels.
 14. The method ofclaim 13 further comprising configuring the fluid flow channels suchthat inflow and outflow are unidirectional.
 15. The method of claim 13further comprising using a topology optimization method to positionchannels in the network of fluid flow channels.
 16. The method of claim13 further comprising configuring the network of fluid flow channels tohave a Reynolds number between 100 and
 300. 17. The method of claim 13further comprising configuring the network of fluid flow channels tohave a local Reynolds number that is higher than a general Reynoldsnumber for the device.
 18. The method of claim 13 further comprisingconfiguring the network of fluid flow channels with an elementalporosity that is determined by nodal porosity through projection. 19.The method of claim 13 further comprising configuring the device to havean aspect ratio selected from a group consisting of 2:3, 4:3, and 9:3.